Identifying Occurrences By Collating Data - 871 Words

Quantitative research can be described as explaining occurrences by collating data that can be analysed using mathematical methods (Muijs, 2004). Quantitative data is considered important as it is unbiased and reliable, is able to look at relationships between variables identifying cause and effect in controlled situations (Newman and Benz, 1998). The quantitative article being appraised is by Sniehotta et al (2006) using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) framework tool (CASP 2014). Burls (2009) suggest that CASP is a useful tool to help develop skills to critically appraise and understand scientific research evidence using a simple checklist of questions. Additionally the National Health Service (NHS) resource department recommend CASP as a useful tool for critiquing medical research papers (Havard 2007). CASP considers 3 wide issues that need to be considered when appraising an article, these are broken down into 11 questions the enable thought processes to answer the issues systematically. A longitudinal experimental study was used over a period of 10 weeks to monitor the long term effectiveness with two planning interventions and a control group. Longitudinal experimental studies are beneficial in allowing the researcher the ability to observe changes over time and evaluate cause and effect of change (Teti, 2005). Furthermore they allow for clear focus and legitimacy by allowing a clear end result to be observed from a clear focus. However there may be aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sandwich Aat1368 Words   |  6 Pagesto potential for fraud. 4. The investigation which will assist in the conducting of this report will look at the accounts system as a whole, its individual functions and also the individuals responsible for the reporting and collating of data which in turn is used to prepare the monthly accounts. The needs and requirements of the stakeholders both external and internal will be considered and looked at, giving an insight to how their needs are provided for and what improvements canRead MoreI.Introduction . Enterprise Risk Management (Erm) Started2499 Words   |  10 PagesSecondly, this report introduced basic situation of MS Corporation to establish the basis of risk management. Thirdly, an analysis of key risks is the core part of this report. Fourthly, this report analysed the difficulties associated with managing data upon risk intelligence, which needed to pay attention to. 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In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically-flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines toRead MoreUnderstand Principles of Professional Development Essay5962 Words   |  24 Pagesaction planning skills. Setting priorities - most important/most urgent. Identifying the steps needed to achieve your goals. Being able to work effectively when under pressure. Completing work to a deadline. INVESTIGATING, ANALYSING AND PROBLEM SOLVING: gathering information systematically to establish facts and principles Clarifying the nature of a problem before deciding action. Collecting, collating, classifying and summarising data systematically. 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The axial morphology, gravity signal and crustal structure of extinct ridges are evaluated by generating across-axis profiles through global datasets (IHO - IOC 2014; Sandwell et al. 2014) for individual ridge segments. Information on the spreading-rates, time of cessation and duration of spreading prior to cessation was collating information from previous studies. The potentialRead MoreOrdinance Act Poland56376 Words   |  226 Pagesthe territory of the Republic of Poland; Article 3a.  § 1. Petitions and returns set out in the regulation issued by virtue of paragraph 3 may be submitted by electronic communications means.  § 2. A tax authority or electronic submission box in the data transmission system of tax administration shall confirm, in electronic form, the submission of a return or petition by electronic communications means.  § 3. 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Love And Age Should Not Matter - 951 Words

When it comes to the topic of love, several people don t know right from wrong. It is said that when people are in love, they are in another world. Most people tend to start relationships at the age of sixteen or even younger. Whether you are ten or eighteen, should the age really matter if you are in love? Would it be better if the guy was older than the girl? When going out with someone older, are there any limits? When it comes to love, the funny thing about the situation is that sometimes the person you fall for is someone who you never expected to fall for. Whether it’s a best friend from school, an associate or even a family friend, most of the time it just happens. Besides the fact that the other person might be a couple years older, if the person is in love, age should not matter. Most people think that because one is older than the other the relationship will not work. On the other hand, I believe that it all depends on who’s older. Most people feel that if the re is an age difference most of the time the relationship will not work out. Nevertheless, when it comes to love, age should not determine whether or not two people are allowed to love each other and be together. When it all comes down to it, if the person in the relationship is happy then, let them be happy. However apart from it all, one thing that is very important would have to be maturity. Several say that when it comes to maturity and age, it is adolescents who take a big role in them. It has alsoShow MoreRelatedDoes Age Matter In Relationships813 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Does age matter in relationships? There is a  funny thing about  love. And that is the fact you never tell as to whom your mate will be. Regardless of how long the relationship may be, we never know who out there will be the one we call our mate. Most people think that age difference between two people that love each other won’t work out. 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Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

One individual dies from unwritten malignant neoplastic disease every hr of every twenty-four hours. Oral malignant neoplastic disease is the 5th most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe with over 450,000 instances diagnosed worldwide and over 210,000 deceases happening yearly. ( Peter KC Goon1, 2009 ) In the yesteryear, the largest causes of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases were smoking, smokeless baccy, and intoxicant. We will write a custom essay sample on Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the addition in smoking instruction and a decrease in the figure of people who smoke, certain caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases, such as voice box malignant neoplastic diseases, have decreased. However, there has been no decrease in the incidence of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases overall. In fact, tumours in the unwritten pit, chiefly the lingua and tonsils, have risen among immature work forces and adult females at a rate of around 3 % yearly. Those rates jumped to 11 % each of the last two old ages, the bulk of which is male. At this rate of growing, the figure of people diagnosed with unwritten malignant neoplastic disease will transcend the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease diagnosed yearly in the following decennary. ( Jimeno, 2010 ) What is surprising is that the cause of the addition in unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases is due to the virus that cause cervical malignant neoplastic disease and until late was considered a adult female ‘s disease. Fortunately, many of these new instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease can be avoided with compulsory and cosmopolitan vaccinums that have already been approved by the FDA, with early sensing, through public outreach plans, and most significantly, by speaking with our kids about sex The virus driving this upseting tendency in unwritten malignant neoplastic disease is the Human Papillomavirus or HPV. HPV is the most common sexually familial infection in the United States ( The Ohio State University, 2010 ) . There are approximately 100 different strains of HPV, with 60 % of them doing common warts and 40 % that are mucosal. HPV16 and 18 are both mucosal, and are deemed high hazard in the development of cancerous lesions, and are responsible for 95 % of all cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, HPV is responsible for over 500,000 new instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth and claims over 250,000 lives worldwide. It is estimated that HPV is present in three quarters of all adult females by the clip they are 50 ( National Conference of State Legislatures, 2010 ) . It takes about two old ages for a organic structure to acquire rid of the HPV virus and most people have no sick effects or symptoms of the virus, while others will develop malignant neoplastic disease. Recent surveies reveal that over 80 % of the tumours found in freshly diagnosed oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease patients are due to HPV16 and all are squamous cell carcinomas. This extremely aggressive strain of the virus is now the taking cause of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases, exceling malignant neoplastic diseases caused by baccy and intoxicant combined. ( Swanson, 2010 ) These freshly diagnosed instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases caused by the HPV virus are chiefly happening in the base of the lingua, which is the portion that starts at the dorsum of the pharynx and continues toward the gorge, and in the tonsils. Surveies have proven that HPV16 ‘s primary agencies of transmittal is through unwritten venereal sex, although current research is concentrating on other agencies of transmittal, including caressing and sharing drinks. Once a individual has been exposed to the virus, it can take between 20 and 30 old ages for the development of HPV related unwritten malignant neoplastic disease ( Chustecka, 2010 ) . One oncologist has said that there â€Å" is an epidemic, about a pandemic, of unknown proportion†¦ , † in respects to the figure of new patients that he is now handling with caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV. The demographic for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease patients has changed over recent old ages every bit good. Prior to 2003, the bulk of these types of malignant neoplastic diseases were found in older work forces in their 60s and 70 ‘s that have a long history of smoke and imbibing intoxicant. However, these traditional hazard factors no longer use. These yearss, the archetypal patient most at hazard are Caucasic work forces and adult females in their 40s and 50s, many which have ne’er smoked coffin nails or drank intoxicant merely on rare occasions. They do nevertheless hold other high hazard factors derived from sexual patterns, chiefly a high figure of sexual spouses, or a history of unwritten genital or unwritten anal sex. To understand this recent epidemic, past sexual behaviours have to be analyzed. During the late sixties and 70s, a sexual revolution of kinds occurred. It was a clip of sexual promiscuousness and rebellion against the norms of society. Monogamy represented repression. Sexual activity with many different spouses no longer held stigmata and unwritten sex became more widely practiced. Surveies show that since the 1960s, more than 80 % of the population now engages in unwritten sex. In comparing, merely 30 % of people born prior to 1950 hold engaged in unwritten sex. ( Manier, 2008 ) With the debut of AIDS in the late 80 ‘s, sexual attitudes began to alter. Education attempts doubled and parents began once more learning their kids about abstention and â€Å" safe sex. † In the 90s, under the instructions of Bill Clinton, unwritten sex was no longer considered sex. Oral sex rates skyrocketed because it had become much more acceptable to teens and to society as a much less hazardous option. However, the hazard factor for undertaking unwritten HPV grows in direct proportion to the figure of unwritten sex spouse a individual has. If a individual has more than five but less than 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time, there is a 250 % addition in the opportunities of developing unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. That rate rises to 750 % if a individual has over 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time ( Newswire, 2010 ) . For old ages, physicians have advocated one-year Pap vilification for adult females in hopes of cut downing the figure of patients that develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease caused by the HPV virus, by catching it in its pre-cancerous phase. Unfortunately, there are no trials available for work forces. Research attempts are under manner to develop new tools for usage by tooth doctors for early sensing of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Thymine he job with some of these trials is the tumours are chiefly happening in countries non viewable by the bare oculus, in the tonsils and in the base of the lingua. Oral rinses would besides be uneffective for those same grounds. In 2007, the FDA approved a vaccinum, Gardisil, which would protect against both the virus that causes venereal warts and against the strain responsible for cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ( ACIP ) recommends Gardisil for misss ages 9 to 26 in hopes of diminishing the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases diagnosed each twelvemonth. The FDA besides approved this same vaccinum for usage in male childs every bit good. In October 2009, the ACIP heard grounds sing the efficaciousness of the vaccinum in males every bit good as the costs associated with adding males to an all female vaccinum. The information presented to the Immunization Work Group was uncomplete because the informations sing HPV and its relation to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, anal malignant neoplastic disease and penial malignant neoplastic disease was non included. The information presented to the work group contained statistics through 2003 and hence out-of-date, as the figure of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases has increased over 30 % since that clip. After much argument, the work group approved a declaration to add the vaccinum as a permissive vaccinum for males aged nine to 16 for the intervention of venereal warts, alternatively of a recommended vaccinum to protect against both strains ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . Under a permissive recommendation, a supplier is non required to offer the vaccinum to his patients but must immunize if the parent or kid petitions the vaccinum. In add-on, private insurance will non cover the cost of the vaccinum and immunisation plans will non advance the recommendation ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . The determination to do the vaccinum permissive in males, alternatively of recommended, was based on the cost per quality adjusted life twelvemonth. To be cost effectual, a vaccinum should be less than $ 50,000 per QAL. The theoretical accounts presented to the IACP reflected a QAL over $ 100,000. These figures are non accurate because the theoretical accounts have uncomplete informations. For case, the theoretical accounts did non include all malignant neoplastic diseases that can be treated with the HPV vaccinum, merely on the strains that cause venereal warts. In add-on, the theoretical accounts were based on high inoculation rates of over 75 % in misss. Presently the inoculation rate is around 30 % . The consensus of many in the medical community is that high inoculation rates in eligible misss will contradict the demand to immunize male childs. This goes against grounds turn outing work forces and adult females have similar prevalence of the disease, and work forces have a higher acquisition rate of the virus ( Silverman, 2010 ) . Even though, with the current rate of inoculation being so low, it would do sense to urge the inoculation universally for both sexes. A cost analysis theoretical account that included the informations through 2002 but adjusted the malignant neoplastic disease rates to include all HPV malignant neoplastic diseases the vaccinum would protect against, places the QAL around $ 24,000. With the significant addition in the figure of instances in recent old ages, that sum is now even less. Either manner, the QAL falls good under the gilded criterion needed for inclusion into a national inoculation plan and would do better usage of the resources available. There has been much research by top universities and oncologists go forthing small room for argument on the correlativity of HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases in work forces, every bit good as anal and penial malignant neoplastic diseases. Despite all of the information that has been, made populace since 1998 when the nexus was foremost discovered, the Centers for Disease Control has yet to acknowledge HPV as a beginning taking to unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Public consciousness runs have started in little bunchs in the United States, but they are missing when it comes to acquiring the word out. Because of this, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases are non caught in their early phases but instead in their late phases, and this histories for the really high decease rate of about 45 % at five old ages from diagnosing, and high intervention related morbidity in subsisters. Finding these malignant neoplastic diseases in an early phase greatly improves the opportunities of endurance. Ironically, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV have a much higher rate of success than non-HPV malignant neoplastic diseases. Much of the medical community, like the populace, is non cognizant of the correlativity of unwritten sex, HPV16, and caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, life salvaging showings are under utilised and inoculation recommendations are ignored. Despite the addition in Numberss, there is small to no public consciousness of the association between HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. In a recent European broad survey, 75 % of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease while 81 % of work forces in the US were unfamiliar with HPV ( Paul L Reiter, 2009 ) . There are enterprises in topographic point to assist increase cognition about caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases. The sawbones general ‘s one-year study in 2010 focused merely on unwritten wellness this past twelvemonth, a first for this type of study. Testing protocols for tumours are in topographic point. The word is get downing to distribute but its slow traveling. Celebrities who have suffered caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, such as Roger Ebert, are talking out about their ordeal, which can help in public consciousness, since famous person patients garner more attending than regular patients do. Screening devices are easy being developed that will help in placing these types of malignant neoplastic diseases early on. However, the biggest obstruction in cut downing the Numberss is still instruction. Our medical community must be made cognizant of the HPV connexion. In fact, the ADA merely released guidelines sing testing for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases but recommends tooth doctors to pay close attending to their patients with a history of smoke or imbibing, and no reference of HPV. Medical forces need to be trained on what to look for: a new ball or a sore pharynx that does non travel off, gruffness, a hurting or tintinnabulation in the ear, oral cavity hurting or white spots or sores in the oral cavity, fistula infections that do n’t react to antibiotics, upper jaw hurting, nose bleeds, and trouble external respiration or swallowing. In my household, the malignant neoplastic disease had spread to the lymph nodes and the first mark was a ball located on the cervix, but this occurs after the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized into the lymph nodes, which is considered late phases of the disease. There besides lies a great trade of conflicting information on the web, including the CDC and WHO, that minimize the effects of HPV and developing oropharyngeal or other malignant neoplastic diseases. The disease is non acquiring the regard it deserves. We must besides educate through unfastened treatment with our kids, that unwritten sex is non safe sex if we hope to halt this epidemic. Sexual activity instruction has to include the dangers of multiple unwritten sex spouses and the high rates of transmittal of the virus. A 2007 study of undergraduate college pupils found that most immature grownups agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as â€Å" holding sex, † ( Stacy, April ) . Mouth rubbers or dikes are available and should be handed out like regular rubbers with instructions as to how to utilize them. Adults must besides be educated about the dangers of HPV and about showings for early sensing. The stigmata that this is merely a adult female ‘s disease or a disease found chiefly in the homosexual community must be erased. One of the ways to assist is to talk out to friends and household and portion the information. This deathly slayer must non be kept soundless any longer. One individual dies every hr from caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Our voices can go our arm in distributing consciousness. We must educate our kids and other friends and household about the dangers of HPV. Vaccines could be really good but the IACP must be supplied with current information so that current recommendations for the HPV vaccinum can be reviewed. If the current vaccinum is given before exposure to the virus, a big figure of HPV-positive instances of oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented. Last, early sensing testing systems must be developed that can observe this unobserved malignant neoplastic diseases before it is excessively late. 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Case Study of Thermal Comfort in House free essay sample

Solutions, issues and problem identifications for each individual rooms has been the aim of this report. Besides that, this report also provides procedure and method dealing with the thermal comfort in each room. 1. 1 Introduction Modern man spend most of their days indoor, therefore, thermal comfort is an important aspect of the building design process. Satisfaction with the thermal environment is expressed through the state of mind which defines thermal comfort. Extensive standardization and modelling exists for thermal comfort, which depends both on physiological and physical parameters. The heat exchange between the environment and the human body, can be described as the characteristic of the environment. Theres no rule for thermal comfort, it involves so many aspect including psychology, physiology, building sciences and many scientific fields which makes this matter even more complex. Page 2 Table of Content 1. Abstract 1. 1 Introduction 2. 0 Basic principles and requirements of Thermal Comfort 2. 1 Environmental Factors 2. 1. 1 Air Temperature 2. 1. 2 Radiant Temperature 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Thermal Comfort in House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 3 Air Velocity 2. 1. 4 Humidity 2. Personal Factor 2. 2. 1 Clothing insulation 2. 2. 2 Metabolic Heat 3. 0 Background of selected building 3. 1 Floor plans and spaces 3. 2 Macroclimate 4. 0 Justification of case study 4. 1 Issues and recommendations 4. 1. 1 Living hall 4. 1. 2 Room 1 4. 1. 3 Stairway 4. 1. 4 Room 3 5 4. 1. 5 Room 6 4. 1. 6 Overall Building 5. 0 Conclusion 6. 0 References 21 22 9 7 6 4 5 2 Page 3 2. 0 Basic Principles and requirements of Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort According to P. O Fanger, thermal comfort of a building is affected by six kinds of parameters. Besides, these six parameters of thermal comfort can be separated into two different kind of factors and they are the personal and environment factors and they are as below: Environmental factor 1. Humidity 2. Air Velocity 3. Radiant Temperature 4. Air Temperature Personal Factor 1. Metabolic heat 2. Clothing Insulation image showing the six elements of thermal comfort Page 4 2. 1 Environmental factors: 2. 1. 1. Air temperature our body are surrounded by air temperature and they are usually measure in (Â °F). Fahrenheit or (Â °C) Degrees. 2. 1. Radiant temperature Heat that radiates from warm object is called as thermal radiant. When theres ehat sources around the environment, radiant heat will be present. On how we lose and gain heat through the environment, radiant temperature has a greater influence compared to the air temperature. By wearing reflective clothing, our skin absorbs less heat but without it, our skin absorbs heat as much as a matt black object. Here are a few examp les of radiant heat sources and they are molten metals, machinery, hot surfaces, dryers, cookers, walls in kilns, ovens, steam rollers, urnaces, electric fired, fire, sun and more. 2. 1. 3 Air velocity If air velocity is cooler than the environment, the speed of air moving across worker may cool them down. People are most sensitive to air velocity thus its more important factor in thermal comfort. People feel stuffy in a stagnant or stilled air indoor environments. Especiall when they are artificially heated up. 2. 1. 4. Humidity Humidity is provided when water is heated and evaporated into the air resulting humid and wet in air. 70% to 40% of relative humidity wouldnt cause impact on thermal comfort Page 5 . 2 Personal factors: 2. 2. 1. Clothing insulation By its very nature, clothing can interfere with our ability to lose heat to the surroundings. On wearer, thermal comfort is largely dependent on the insulating effect of clothing. Even when the environment is in perfect condition , not hot or cold, wearing too much of personal protective equipment (PPE) or wearing too much clothing maybe be a major cause for heat stress. Cold injuries such as hypothermia and frost bite may be caused on the wearer if he/she didnt not wear enough clothing with insulation in cold conditions. . 2. 2. Work rate/metabolic heat For thermal risk assessment, metabolic or work rate is essential. As we carry out physical activities, we produce heat from the inner of our bodies. The more heat we produce when the more physical work we do. The most heat will be lost when the more heat we produce. This is to prevent body from overheating. On thermal comfort, the impact of metabolic rate is critical. Most importantly, It is vital to consider the persons own physical characteristics when considering these factors. Page 6 3. 0 Background of selected building The selected building in this report is located at Townhouse 2, 279 Sandgate Road, Shortland, New South Wales 2307. Its the first house behind townhouse 1, it cant really be seen from Sandgate road. This house is a double storey building with approximately of 400 square meters of interior spaces. Townhouse 2 , 279, Sandgate Road 3. 1 Floor Plans and spaces The ground floor consists of two bedrooms, a living hall, kitchen, dining area, utility area and a small bathroom, while the first floor consists of just four bedrooms with individual bathrooms. Page 7 Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan In this case study, both levels are being analyzed in terms of thermal comfort. 3. 2 Macroclimate During summer times, the weather of New South Wales coastal area is slightly humid and temperate and usual is slightly humid and temperate and usual free from extreme cold or hot. The selected case study is located at Shortland Sandgate road, right next to the University of Newcastle. below is the image of major climate for University of Newcastle. image showing climate of UON. www. bom. gov. au/climate/average Page 8 4. Justification of case study In this case study, experiences and justification of human are used to analyse things around the room/ building without any data collection. 4. 1 Issues and recommendations In this case study, both storey will be analysed according to different feels and observation of the author. Issues of the space will be noted out and recommendations will be provided to further improve thermal comfort in the house. 4. 1. 1 Living Hall Plan indicating living hall location in the house. Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: The living hall and kitchen is at the north side of the building. But the building is cold all year round. This is probably because the North exposure to sunlight is not enough. The kitchen has blocked half of the north exposure and there are a lot of trees outside the house that blocked the direct sunlight into the house. The house is in dark most of the time of the day. Page 9 Issues and recommendations of the area. Hard floor finishes Floor on the living hall to be ceramic tiles because when these tiles which lay on the concrete slab will increase the thermal mass and has ability to store heat in it. during summer, this can improve the cooling of the house, provided all windows are to be shaded. t works the best for places with good north sunlight access, therefore, this place needs more openings to the north as well. Maximize Window opportunity. By maximizing windows towards the north area, more sunlight can be directed into the house. Of course, with sun shades and blinds on the window as well to prevent overexposure to the sunlight. Relocatin g the trees outside the house. Trees outside the house can be relocated to behind the kitchen to avoid blocking direct sunlight into the living area. Image indicating relocation of plants outside living and kitchen area Page 10 4. 1. Room 1 Plan indicating location of Room 1 Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Room one main window is facing to the West and strong afternoon summer sunlight is shone directly into the users room, this makes the room hot during summer time. Image of room 1 from exterior Page 11 Issues and recommendations of the area. Image showing how slab can control sunlight entry during different season. A slab is recommended to be installed above room ones window to cut off summer sunlight. by this way, sun will not be directed into the room and it can stay cool during summer . The slab length should be considerate to allow winter sunlight to shine into the building and heat up the room. 4. 1. 3 Stairway Plan indicating the location of stairway Page 12 Stairway in the house Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: The stairway/ central of the house is dark and feels congested as there are no ventilations around this area. It feels uncomfortable and it amkes people sneeze walking up the stairs. Issues and recommendations of the area. image showing the exhaust system recommended http://www. 123rf. com/photo_10021797_ventilation-system It is recommended to install a ventilation system on the stairway. in the central area of the house, which is the stairways connecting ground floor to the first floor, dedicated exhaust ventilation fan connected to fresh air duct is installed on the area. This exhaust fan is operated manually although it can be connected to cooling system operation, heating operation, humidistat or a timer. The good side about this system is that humidistat or timer can be used to allow ventilations at a specific time of the day, or when the house is too humid inside or when one of the pollutants in house is high. This dedicated exhaust fan is smaller than typical furnace blower, It provides maximum control for occupants as well. Page 13 4. 1. 4 Room 6. Plan indicating the location of room 6 View of room 6 from exterior Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Rooms 6 is the coldest among all rooms during winter, It is the additional room added few months ago, and it was supposed to be a upper living hall. The floor is made up of tiles and the inner walls are timber with cladding on outer walls. The North window is small as well. Walls of this room are temporary and it is all low in thermal mass. Page 14 Besides, room 6 is cold probably because it has low thermal mass on the walls. The external cladding and internal timber wall has very low thermal mass. The wall couldnt absorb as much heat from the morning sun compared to other part of the house. image showing low thermal mass wall at room 6 Issues and recommendations of the area. Due to its small opening towards the North, this room is quite cool during the summer which is good, but extremely cold during winter. Recommendation for this room can be using carpet as the floor material. Recommended floor covering: Carpet Heat absorption of thermal mass are affected by surface texture and colour. Concrete slab with soft floor finishes carpet on it usually work better on thermal ,ass as the carpet slows and delay thermal entry into the slab. The roo temperature will rise in about 1-2 degree celcius because of carpet, which is really good in winter but not that good in summer. Room 6 have been complaint by user that it is always cold, therefore carpet is a better choice. Due to absorption of heat by thermal mass from carpet, this effect will decrease the needs of heating energy requirements during winter time. Image showing comparison between carpet ceramic tiles Page 15 While carpet lowers winter energy consumption, it increases summer energy requirements, which is good as this room is always cold. WALL selection: Double Brick on concrete slab Image showing high thermal mass walls As for room 6s wall selection, of all selections, brick wall are selected. A wall in a building account 60-70% of thermal mass. Floor area only account 30-40% of thermal mass. The more thermal the better the building. For highest energy savings and comfort benefits, a double brick wall on concrete slab is selected. Page 16 . 1. 5 Room 3 5 Plan indicated the location of Room 3 5. Bedroom 3 Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Upper levels room like room 3 and room 5 always get overheated during the summer. Due to its higher level from the ground and big exposure of windows towards the west and north, this two rooms gets really hot during summers afternoon. Issues and recommendations of th e area. Upper storey of a building are often built with light weighted construction, with either weatherboard or brick veneers, therefore, they have a potential for being overheat in the summer. Page 17 For overheating to not happen in this house, as much thermal mass as possible should be incorporated on the upper level of this building. With techniques that build masonry or concrete into the structure, continuation of ground floor double brick construction , internal brick walls and concrete slab floor, thermal mass will be provided. To avoid overheating, windows to the east should be minimized as well. the window towards north at the upper levels are to be restricted to lesser than 10% of the upper gross floor area. Good cross ventilation is important too, thats why positioning of windows are important, not forgetting to shade them well. Page 18 4. 1. 6 Overall House View of overall house in bricks externally timber internally. Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: As mentioned above and as shown in the picture above. The whole house is made up of brick externally but timber internally. The house especially ground floor and room 4 6 at first floor are cold at all times. Timber wall internally seems to be not working. For maximum effectiveness, thermal mass should be insulated from external temperature. For example, the thermal mass should exist within the insulated walls. If the external envelope is not insulated, the benefits of thermal mass is considerably reduced. Therefore, brick venner walls dont quite comply with the thermal mass requirements. it gives out little thermal mass benefits as the brick are outside of the insulated cavity. Issues and recommendations of the area. Reverse brick veneer Reverse brick veneer is the reversing of brick veneer solution that places the brickwork on the inside rather than outside. Internal timber framing from the typical brick veneer construction are placed outside instead, a reverse of traditional way of doing it. By doing this way, typical timber styled buildings can achieve the same thermal mass rating as a double Page 19 bricked home. The high thermal mass of brickwork can be taken in advantage this way by reversing the brick veneer. it insulates the room rather than insulates the outside. Besides, the brick sin in within the insulated envelope. Bets way of doing this is to used it with concrete slab floor. Image showing Reverse brick veneer on concrete slab Compared to traditional brick veneer, the heating needs for this reverse brick veneer is a lot higher although summer savings outweigh this. Not the entire home should be used with reverse brick veneer, but the most important part of the building that needs this is the North facing side rooms. Any type of light weighted external cladding can be used as the external skin for this construction. Page 20 5. Conclusion Many issues have been realised in the selected case studies and different kind of recommendations have been given to overcome those thermal comfort problems. Hopefully with different kind of recommendations for the selected case study, thermal comfort in the house can be enhanced. Page 21 6. References Fondriest. (2010). What is Air Temperature? Retrieved 24th April, 2013, from https://www. fondriest. com/news/airtemperature. htm Sustainable energy info, retrieved 25th April, from http://www. sustainability. vic. gov. au/resources/documents/thermal_mass. pdf Thermal mass in passive solar design, retrieved 24th April, from http://www. mnn. com/yourhome/remodeling-design/stories/thermal-mass-in-passive-solar-design Executive, H. a. S. (2013). The Six Basic Factors. Retrieved 20April,2013,,from http://www. hse. gov. uk/temperature/thermal/factors. htm Page 22